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EARTH 236
Page history
last edited
by PBworks 17 years, 5 months ago
Paleontology
Marks
- essay 20%
- labs 40%
- exam 16%
- assignments 1.5% x 10 = 15%
- quizzes 1% x 8 = 8%
- online quizzes 1%
- midterm 15%
- final 25%
intro
- fossil: remains/traces of plants/animals naturally preserved in rock
- preservation factors: the organism (bigger, harder better), rock lithology (fine grains better; may reflect deposition environment), post-depositional events (destroyed by percolation(diagenesis), metamorphism)
- fossilization requirements: rapid burial (prevents scavenging, erosion), hard parts
- types of preservation
- unaltered soft parts eg amber/permafrost prevents bacteria
- unaltered hard parts
- altered hard parts via carbonization (decrease in volatile components), recrystallization, replacement
habitats
- benthic: bottom-dwelling
- pelagic: in water column
- planktonic: passively floating
- nektic: free-swimming
- sessile: non-mobile
- biostratigraphy: separation and differentiation of rock units based on fossil context
- paleoecology: study of relationships of fossils to their original environments
Lab
lab 1 Microfossils
- Foraminifera single-cell, protoplasm in test (visually calcareious but some agglutinated (particles "glued" together))
- one or more chambers divided by septa (with hole=foramen); first is proloculus, last is perifery with aperture
- chambers: (unibitri)serial+combination, involute/evolute coil, fusiform, flask, coiled uniserial, planispiral, tubular, coiled-biserial, trochoid
- apertures: dendritic, basal & slit-shaped, circular & terminal, slit-shaped & terminal, sickle-shaped, multiple apertures, sieve-like apertures, pear-shaped, semicircular, bottleneck-like
- Nummulites and Triticites: huge forams; triticites useful indicators for Pennsylvanian, Permian
- Radiolaria single-cell, silica test is lacy spehere with delicate spines; become chert
- Coccollithophores algae secrete calcareious plates (coccoliths) which become chalk
- Diatoms algae with silicified cell wall (two valves that overlap like pillbox); become diatomaceous earth
lab 2
- phylum Porifera
- solitary or colonial
- supports of spicules/spongin
- (pre?)Cambrian-recent
- class Calcarea: calcareous spicules
- class Demospongea: spongin skeleton and/or siliceous spicules
- class Hexactinellida: siliceous spicules
- class Stromatoporoidea: calcarious sheet/cabbage-like structure; common in Silurian, Devonian; sometimes put into Demospongea
- phylum Bryozoa/Ectoprocta
- colonian zoarium of zooeciums that each hold a zooid
- aperture = autopore; monticule = bump
- Ordovician-recent
- Archaeocyantha (Cambrian)
- probably a sponge, but usually have inner and outer wall with septa between
- Receptaculites (Ordovician to Devonian, maybe Permian)
- pores (pillars in cross-section) in gentle spirals
- maybe a calcareous algae
- Conularia (Cambrian-Triassic)
- probably a cnidarian
- longish 4-sided shape (wider at one end) with herringbone pattern
lab 3 Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
- phylum Cnideria > class Anthozoa > subclass Zoantharia = corals
- cnidarians are polyps (tentacles around mouth/anus) or medusae
- have cnidocysts or whatever
- coral is polyp inside cup-shaped theca (usually CaCO3, usually divided into segments by radial septa)
- as they grow, deposit tabulae (horizontal floors)
- solitary or colonial (corallum made up of corallites)
- marine
- sessile
- order Rugosa: 4-fold septa, solitary/colonial
- order Tabulata: no/poorly-developed septa, have tabulae, only colonial
- suborder Favositina, family Favosites: honeycomb
- suborder Halysitina, family Halysites: chainish
- suborder Syringoporina, famiily Syringopora: organ pipes
- order Scleractinia: 6-fold septa, colonial/solitary, low density
- age: Rugosa/Tabulata Cambrian?, Ordovician-Permian, Triassic?, Scleractinia Triassic-recent
- coral forms
- colonial
- ceriod: walls with polygonal outlines (honeycomb)
- astraeoid: no epithecal walls between individuals (their septa are joined)
- coenosteoid: colonial skeleton between individuals
- fasciculate: separated individuals; dendroid (branching) or phaceloid (parellelish)
- cateniform: elongated corallites joined at narrow ends (chain)
- meandroid: duh (brain coral)
- solitary
- ceratoid: elongated horn
- cylindrical: parallel edges
- scolecoid: crooked/twisted
- trochoid: shortened horn
- patellate: short cone
- discoid: like a puck
lab 4 Brachiopoda
- Cabrian-recent
- marine, benthic
- bilaterally symmetrical
- brachial valve and pedicle valve
- inarticulates (chitin) and articulates (hing, sometimes with teeth and sockets)
- growth lines, sometimes radial lines (ornamentation/strength)
- subphylum Rhynchonelliformea
- order Strophomenida concavo/plano-convex, long strophic hing, pseudopunctate, Ordovician-Carboniferous
- order Productida plano/concavo-convex with deep body cavity (often spiny, sometimes bizarre), strophic hinge, Devonian-Permian, ?Triassic
- order Orthida unequally biconvex (or plano-convex), usually impunctate, strophic hinge, usually ribbed, Cambrian-Permian
- order Pentamerida biconvex, impunctate, normally non-strophic hinge, spongydllium (->opening), Cambrian-Devonian, sorta 5-sided
- order Rhynchonellida biconvex, non-strophic hinge, coarse ribs with zigzag comissure and prounounced fold & sulcus, normalliy impunctate, Ordovician-recent
- order Atrypida biconvex, short/non-strophic hinge, impunctate, spiral brachidium, Ordovician-Devonian
- order Spiriferida "wings", biconvex, long strophic hinge, ribbed with interareas, Ordovician-Jurassic
- order Terebratulida "lamp", biconvex, short non-strophic hinge, endopunctate, umbronal foramen, Devonian-recent
- subphylum Linguliformea no teeth/sockets, mantle andmuscles hold valves together, chitonophosphatic, Cambrian-recent
- order Lingulida "padde", low umbo, many fine growth lines, straight comissure
EARTH 236
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